Page 41 - e-book

=kSekfld (f}Hkk"kh;) if=kdk i`"B 39 | tuojh & ekpZ 2023 =kSekfld (f}Hkk"kh;) if=kdk

Pandita, P.R. 2013.Green Manuring: Economic Zubair, M., Anwar, F., Ashraf, M., Ashraf, A.,
and Eco friendly way of production. Biotech Chatha, S.A.S. 2012. Effect of green and
Articles. farmyard manure on carbohydrates dynamics
of salt affected soil. Journal of Soil Science and
Sinha A, Kumar R, Kamil D, Kapur P (2009) Plant Nutrition. 12(123):497-510.
Release of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
2
1
1
1
from decomposing Crotalaria juncea L. in relation A. Sankar , S. Ganguly , S. Biswas , P. Yadav , S. Mukherjee , S. Dey 1
1
2
to different climatic factors. Environment and 1 RKMVERI, Morabadi, Ranchi- 834008, School of Smart Agriculture, Ad-
amas University, Kolkata, West Bengal- 700126
Ecology. 27 (4B):2077-2081.
Speed Breeding to accelerate the rate
of development in crop plants

The escalating population of the world in addition half the time of those from glasshouse conditions.
to the ineluctable climate change have always Depending on the cultivar or accession, plants
been issues of immense concern. We need to pay reached anthesis in 35-39 days (wheat, with the
heed to the slow pace of increase in agricultural exception of Chinese Spring) and 37-38 days
production and productivity for various crops in (barley), while it took 26 days to reach heading
addition to limited availability of agricultural land. in B. distachyon. Wheat seed counts per spike
A major constraint to the increase in the same is decreased, although not always significantly,
long generation times of crop plants or we can in the speed breeding chamber compared to
say longer crop duration in simple terms. 'Speed the glasshouse with no supplementary light and
breeding', is one such platform which greatly both wheat and barley plants produced a healthy
shortens generation time and accelerates breeding number of spikes per plant, despite the rapid
and research programmes. Speed breeding can growth. The viability of harvested seeds appeared
be used to achieve up to 6 generations per year to be unaffected by speed breeding, with similar
for spring wheat, barley, chickpea and pea, and seed germination rates observed for all species.
4 generations for canola, instead of 2-3 under Moreover, crosses made between wheat cultivars
normal glasshouse conditions. There are 3 speed under speed breeding conditions produced viable
breeding conditions and case studies as discussed seeds, including crosses between tetraploid and
below: hexaploid wheat.
Speed Breeding I Speed Breeding II
To evaluate speed breeding as a method to In an alternative, yet similar, protocol for rapid
accelerate applied and basic research was generation cycling, spring wheat, barley, canola
conducted in a study on cereal species, standard and chickpea varieties in Queensland, Australia,
genotypes of spring bread wheat, durum wheat, in a temperature-controlled glasshouse fitted
barley and the model grass Brachypodium with high-pressure sodium lamps to extend
distachyon were grown in a room with controlled the photoperiod to a day-length of 22 hours.
environment with extended photoperiod of 22 A control treatment in a glasshouse used a
light hours and 2 hours dark. A light/dark period natural 12-hour control photoperiod. Both used
was chosen over a continuous photoperiod to the same temperature regime. Time to anthesis
support functional expression of circadian clock was significantly reduced for all crop species
genes. Growth was compared with that of plants relative to the 12-hour day-neutral photoperiod
in glasshouses with no supplementary light or conditions, where the average reduction was,
heating during the spring and early summer of depending on genotype, 22 ± 2 days (wheat),
2016 (Norwich, UK). Plants grown under speed 64 ± 8 days (barley), 73 ± 9 days (canola) and
breeding progressed to anthesis in approximately 33 ± 2 days (chickpea). Analysis of growth stage